Sodium chloride as a reference substance for the three growth endpoints used in the Lemna minor L. (1753) test

Abstract

Lemna sp. growth inhibition test standardized protocols suggest the use of compounds such as 3,5-dichlorophenol as reference substances for checking the test organism’s sensitivity routinely. However, this and other recommended chemicals present risks to human health and to the environment. Sodium chloride (NaCl) appears as a less toxic alternative reference substance which has been successfully used in routine ecotoxicological tests. However, the evaluation of this compound in multiple growth endpoints used in the L. minor test, which is required for recommending it as a reference substance for this test organism, has not yet been reported. In the present study, NaCl was tested with L. minor for the growth endpoints frond number, total frond area and fresh weight. Results showed acceptable sensitivity and reproducibility (coefficient of variance < 15.0%) for all three of the measured endpoints. Statistically significant differences were observed between the EC₅₀ values calculated based on the three endpoints (p < 0.05). Total frond area was the most sensitive one, with average EC₅₀ value of 2742.80 ± 245.7 mg L^-1. It was anticipated that NaCl can be a suitable alternative reference substance and that total frond area should be the endpoint of choice for sensitivity toxicity tests using NaCl.